THE EPIC OF GILGAMESH IBD

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The Epic of Gilgamesh is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia, regarded as the earliest surviving notable literature and the second oldest religious text, after the Pyramid Texts. The literary history of Gilgamesh begins with five Sumerian poems about Bilgamesh (Sumerian for 'Gilgamesh'), king of Uruk, dating from the Third Dynasty of Ur (c.âÇë2100 BC). These independent stories were later used as source material for a combined epic in Akkadian. The first surviving version of this combined epic, known as the 'Old Babylonian' version, dates back to the 18th century BC and is titled after its incipit, ShÅ«tur eli sharrÄ« ('Surpassing All Other Kings'). Only a few tablets of it have survived. The later Standard Babylonian version compiled by Sën-lÄôqi-unninni dates from the 13th to the 10th centuries BC and bears the incipit Sha naqba Ä«muru ('He who Saw the Abyss', in unmetaphoric terms: 'He who Sees the Unknown'). Approximately two-thirds of this longer, twelve-tablet version have been recovered. Some of the best copies were discovered in the library ruins of the 7th-century BC Assyrian king Ashurbanipal.áThe first half of the story discusses Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, and Enkidu, a wild man created by the gods to stop Gilgamesh from oppressing the people of Uruk. After Enkidu becomes civilized through sexual initiation with Shamhat, he travels to Uruk, where he challenges Gilgamesh to a test of strength. Gilgamesh wins the contest, nonetheless, the two become friends. Together, they make a six-day journey to the legendary Cedar Forest, where they plan to slay the Guardian, Humbaba the Terrible, and cut down the sacred Cedar. The goddess Ishtar sends the Bull of Heaven to punish Gilgamesh for spurning her advances. Gilgamesh and Enkidu kill the Bull of Heaven after which the gods decide to sentence Enkidu to death and kill him.áIn the second half of the epic, distress over EnkiduâÇÖs death causes Gilgamesh to undertake a long and perilous journey to discover the secret of eternal life. He eventually learns that 'Life, which you look for, you will never find. For when the gods created man, they let death be his share, and life withheld in their own hands'. Nevertheless, because of his great building projects, his account of SiduriâÇÖs advice, and what the immortal man Utnapishtim told him about the Great Flood, GilgameshâÇÖs fame survived well after his death, with expanding interest in the his story. It has been translated into many languages and is featured in several works of popular fiction.áThe epic is regarded as a foundational work in religion and the tradition of heroic sagas, with Gilgamesh forming the prototype for later heroes like Heracles (Hercules), and the epic itself serving as an influence for Homeric epics. (wikipedia.org)á